Play into the domestic routine to promote child development: cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between the incorporation of play into the domestic routine of caregivers, and the child development of children under their care. METHOD: Cross-sectional study conducted with 129 caregiver-child dyads aged 12-23 months, living in the southern region of São Paulo. Child development was assessed using the Ages & Stages Questionnaire-3, and the incorporation of play into the domestic through a questionnaire and filming of the dyads in activities related to the domestic routine. RESULTS: Almost all the caregivers were the mother (98%), who, when answering the questionnaire, reported incorporating play into their domestic routine (93%), however in the video, only one third played with the child (34%). There was a positive association between playing in moments of domestic routine and domains of child development in children aged 18 months or less. CONCLUSIONS: A positive association was found between the incorporation of play into the domestic routine and child development.

La interpretación del sueño y sus similitudes con el juego: una técnica para aplicar en un dispositivo clínico de Françoise Dolto / Les similitudes dans l'interpretation du reve et du jeu: une technique applicable dans un lieu d'accueil enfant-parent / Dream interpretation ant its similarities with the play: a method to apply ina Dolto's maison verte project / A interpretação do sonho e suas semelhanças com a brincadeira: uma técnica para aplicar em um dispositivo clínico de Françoise Dolto

¿Cómo nos puede ayudar el método de la interpretación de los sueños a entender los elementos arcaicos presentes en el juego del niño de 0 a 4 años, en un dispositivo clínico inspirado en la Maison Verte creada por Françoise Dolto? En este artículo describiremos las similitudes entre el sueño y el juego del niño, particularmente con respecto al trabajo del sueño. Propondremos que los mismos mecanismos del sueño están presentes en el juego del niño como parte de un contenido manifiesto. Enseguida propondremos que es posible interpretar el contenido latente del juego trasponiendo el método de la interpretación de los sueños gracias a la información aportada por los padres que acompañen al niño. Para explicar esta técnica, examinaremos el ejemplo de juego de unos niños, tomado de un Lugar de Acogida de Niños y Padres que se adhiere a los principios de la Maison Verte AU

Comment la méthode d'interprétation des rêves peut-elle nous aider à comprendre les éléments archaïques présents dans le jeu des enfants de 0 à 4 ans, dans un dispositif clinique inspiré de la Maison Verte créée par Françoise Dolto? Dans cet article, nousdécrirons les similitudes entre le rêve et le jeu de l'enfant, notamment en ce qui concerne le travail du rêve. Nous proposerons que les mêmes mécanismes oniriques sont présents dans le jeu de l'enfant dans le cadre d'un contenu manifeste. Ensuite, nous proposerons qu'il est possible d'interpréter le contenu latent de ce jeu en transposant la méthode d'interprétation des rêves grâce aux informations fournies par les parents accompagnan l'enfant. Pour expliquercette technique, nous examinerons un exemple de jeu d'enfants, tiré d'un Lieu d'Accueil pour Enfants et Parents qui adhère aux principes de la Maison Verte AU

How can the dream interpretation method help us to understand the archaic elements present in the play of children from 0 to 4 years old, in a clinical device inspired by the Maison Verte project created by Françoise Dolto? In this article we will describethe similarities between the child's dream and play, particularly regarding to dream-work. We will propose that the same dream mechanisms are present in the child's play as part of a manifest content. Then we will propose that it is possible to interpret the latent content of this play by transposing the dream interpretation method thanks to the information provided by the parents. To explain this technique, we will examine an example of children's play, taken from a Dolto's Maison Verte Project AU

Como o método da interpretação dos sonhos pode nos ajudar a compreender os elementos arcaicos presentes nas brincadeiras das crianças de 0 a 4 anos, em um dispositivo clínico inspirado na Maison Verte criada por Françoise Dolto? Neste artigo, descreveremos as semelhanças entre o sonho e a brincadeira da criança, principalmente no que diz respeito ao trabalho onírico. Proporemos que os mesmos mecanismos oníricos estão presentes na brincadeira da criança como parte de um conteúdo manifesto. Imediatamente propomos que é possível interpretar o conteúdo latente desta brincadeira transpondo o método de interpretação dos sonhos graças às informações fornecidas pelos pais. Para explicar est técnica examinaremos um exemplo de brincadeira infantil, retirado de um Local de Acolhimento para Crianças e Pais que segue os princípios da Maison Verte AU

Scale of Parental Playfulness Attitude (PaPA): Psychometric Properties With Latino Caregivers in the United States.

IMPORTANCE: Parent-child play is a beneficial and meaningful co-occupation. Therapists who want to optimize parent-child play for Latino- and Latina-American dyads need valid, reliable measures to assess caregiver playfulness in addition to preexisting measures of child playfulness. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate data collected from Latino-American caregivers with the Scale of Parental Playfulness Attitude (PaPA), a 28-item parent self-report to determine its construct validity, internal reliability, and cross-cultural validity. DESIGN: Quantitative exploratory design applying a latent-trait psychometric model. SETTING: Online survey. PARTICIPANTS: Convenience sample of 50 Spanish-speaking parents from the mainland United States recruited via snowballing (88% mothers, ages 24-47 yr; M = 34.8 yr; 82% first-generation Americans). The inclusion criteria were age ≥18 yr; literate in Spanish; primary caregiver to a child age 2.5-7 yr. Data from an existing sample of 50 parents dwelling in Puerto Rico were used to examine cross-cultural validity. OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Rasch analysis demonstrated evidence for adequate construct validity: positive point-measure correlations, 93% fit of items, logical item hierarchy, and good progression of the rating scale. Range and mean for parent playfulness exceeded those of the items; principal-components analysis revealed one contrast of 4.46 eigenvalues, bringing unidimensionality into question. Evidence suggested excellent internal reliability (person-reliability index = 0.85, strata = 3.55) and good cross-cultural validity (25 of 28 items formed a similar hierarchy for parents dwelling in the mainland United States and Puerto Rico). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Although the PaPA can be used to assess caregiver playfulness with culturally diverse Latino-American dyads, further research is required. What This Article Adds: This study provides evidence for the construct validity and internal reliability of a tool that measures parent playfulness in the context of parent-child play. The PaPA is an important tool for occupational therapists working with Latino-American families.

El juego como escenario de construcción de paz en contextos de conflicto armado en Colombia / The game as a peace-building scenario in contexts of armed conflict in Colombia

Introducción: el artículo presenta algunos resultados de una investigación que buscó rescatar y visibilizar las potencias y los recursos de la niñez que se vio afectada por el conflicto armado, preguntando por las maneras en que los niños y las niñas pueden aportar a la construcción de paz desde sus potencialidades y escenarios relacionales, dando prioridad al juego como espacio socializador. Método: la investigación fue de tipo cualitativa y se ubicó desde la hermenéutica crítica comprensiva, empleando estrategias metodológicas como talleres creativos, entrevistas a profundidad y grupos focales. Resultados: algunos de los resultados evidencian que los niños y las niñas aportan a la construcción de paz desde la creatividad, el establecimiento de acuerdo con sus pares y otros agentes, pero, sobre todo, desde el juego como principal escenario en donde despliegan su autonomía y criterio propio para la configuración de sus acuerdos socia-les. Conclusión: se concluye que el juego se convierte en una práctica generativa, donde los niños y las niñas despliegan sus potencialidades y recursos como un aporte a la construcción paz.

Introduction: The article presents some results of a research that sought to rescue and make visible the potencies and resources of children who were affected by the armed conflict, asking about the ways in which children can contribute to peace building from their potentialities and relational scenarios, giving priority to play as a socializing space. Method: The research was qualitative and was based on comprehensive critical hermeneutics, using methodological strategies such as creative workshops, in-depth interviews and focus groups. Results: Some of the results show that children contribute to peace building through creativity, the establishment of agreements with their peers and other agents, but, above all, through play as the main scenario where they deploy their autonomy and own criteria for the configuration of their social agreements. Conclusion: It is concluded that play becomes a generative practice, where children deploy their potential and resources as a contribution to peace building.

Análise de uma intervenção por meio de jogos em crianças com história de insucesso escolar / Analysis of an intervention conducted through games with children with school failure history / Análisis de una intervención a través de juegos en niños con antecedentes de fracaso escolar

O insucesso escolar no ensino fundamental brasileiro tem sido objeto de pesquisas e é motivo de preocupação de todos os profissionais que trabalham na área. Neste sentido, o artigo apresenta resultados da pesquisa que teve como objetivo investigar se as intervenções mediadas no jogo com regras explícitas são capazes de desenvolver as funções psicológicas superiores (FPS) e se melhoram o desempenho escolar das crianças com histórico de insucesso escolar. A pesquisa teve como base a Psicologia histórico-cultural, princi-palmente nas ideias de Vygotsky, Elkonin e Leontiev. O método adotado foi o qualitativo, consistiu em uma intervenção, realizada em quatro crianças, entre 7 e 10 anos de idade, estruturada em três etapas: avaliação inicial, intervenção mediada por jogos e avaliação final. Nas avaliações foram utili-zados dois instrumentos: o Teste de Desempenho Escolar (TDE), aplicado no grupo de crianças e com a família e professores foram utilizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os encontros foram gravados e transcritos e as observações anotadas em diário de campo. A técnica de análise dos dados foi de conteúdo do tipo temática e microgenética. Os resultados evidenciaram que o jogo desenvolve as FPS e modifica o desempenho escolar. Conclui-se que o jogo com regras explícitas é um bom mediador entre aprendizagem e desenvolvimento em crianças que apresentam trajetórias de insucesso escolar.

School failure in Brazilian elementary education has been the subject of several studies and it is a matter of concern for all professionals working in this field. This study presents the results of a research that aimed to investigate whether mediated interventions in playing games with explicit rules develop higher psychological functions (HPF) and if they improve school performance of chil-dren with school failure history. The research was based on cultural-historical psychology, mainly on the ideas of Vygotsky, Elkonin and Leontiev. The chosen method was qualitative and consisted of an intervention, applied on four chil-dren between 7 and 10 years old, structured in three stages: initial assessment, intervention mediated by games and final assessment. In the assessments, the School Achievement Test was applied on the children and semi-structured inter-views were conducted with families and teachers. The meetings were recorded and transcribed and the observations were recorded in a field diary. The data analysis methods used were the thematic and microgenetic techniques. The results showed that games develop HPF and modify school performance. It is concluded that games with explicit rules are good mediators between learning and development in children who present school failure trajectories.

El fracaso escolar en la educación primaria brasileña ha sido objeto de investi-gación y es motivo de preocupación para todos los profesionales que trabajan en esta área. El artículo presenta resultados de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo investigar si el juego con reglas explícitas en intervenciones mediadas desarrolla funciones psicológicas superiores (FPS) y se mejora el desempeño escolar de los niños con antecedentes de fracaso escolar. La inves-tigación se basa en la psicología histórico-cultural, principalmente en las ideas de Vygotsky, Elkonin y Leontiev. El método es cualitativo, consiste en una intervención, realizada con cuatro niños entre 7 y 10 años, estructurada en tres etapas: evaluación inicial, intervención mediada por el juego y evaluación final. En las evaluaciones se utilizaron dos instrumentos: con los niños, el Test de Desempeño Escolar (TDE) y entrevistas semiestructuradas con la familia y los maestros. Las reuniones fueron grabadas y transcritas y las observaciones fueron registradas en un diario de campo. La técnica de análisis de datos fue de contenido, temática y microgenética. Los resultados mostraron que el juego desarrolla FPS y modifica el rendimiento escolar. Se concluye que el juego con reglas explícitas es un buen mediador entre el aprendizaje y el desarrollo en niños que presentan trayectorias de fracaso escolar.

Construção e aplicabilidade de um termo de assentimento em pesquisa em nutrição com crianças hospitalizadas em tratamento oncológico / Construction and applicability of a term of consent in nutrition research with children hospitalized for oncological treatment

Objetivo: relatar a experiência na construção e aplicabilidade de um termo de assentimento livre esclarecido em uma pesquisa com crianças pré-escolares e escolares hospitalizadas para tratamento oncológico. Material e método: trata-se de um relato de experiência sobre a construção e aplicabilidade de um Termo de Assentimento Livre e Esclarecido lúdico para realização de um estudo sobre perfil nutricional e educação alimentar e nutricional de crianças em tratamento oncológico de um hospital público infantil em Santa Catarina-Brasil. Resultados: a construção e aplicabilidade do Termo de Assentimento Livre Esclarecido permitiu melhor compreensão da criança anterior à realização da pesquisa referente às etapas e fases da coleta dos dados do estudo, assim como os riscos e benefícios do mesmo. Foi possível à criança esclarecer suas dúvidas e participar ativamente do estudo. Foram convidadas para participar do estudo 13 crianças de ambos os sexos entre 5 ­ 12 anos de idade que estavam internadas no ambulatório de oncologia. Considerações Finais: adoção do Termo de Assentimento Livre Esclarecido Lúdico construído mostrou-se efetivo ao alcance do objetivo de sua utilização no contexto ético em pesquisa e avançou no sentido de despertar sobre potencialidade para além da pesquisa e, também, como recurso fundamental para o assentimento das crianças em situações específicas no processo de adoecimento e internação, possibilitando o exercício de direito e compreensão do que está sendo realizado durante seu tratamento.

Objective: report the experience in the construction and applicability of an informed term of consent in a survey of children hospitalized for cancer treatment. Material and method: experience report on the construction and applicability of a free and informed term of consent for conducting a study on the nutritional profile and food and nutrition education of children and adolescents undergoing cancer treatment at a public hospital in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Results: the construction and applicability of the informed term of consent allowed a better understanding of the child prior to conducting the research regarding the steps and phases of data collection, as well as its risks and benefits. It was possible for the child to clarify their doubts and actively participate in the study. Thirteen children of both sexes, aged between 5 - 12 years, hospitalized and in the oncology outpatient clinic, were invited to participate. Final considerations: adoption of the playful free and informed term of consent proved to be effective in reaching the objective of its use in the ethical research context and it has advanced in the sense of raising awareness of the potentiality beyond research, and also as a fundamental resource for the consent of children in specific situations in the illness and hospitalization process, enabling them to exercise their rights and understand what is happening during their treatment.

Características interacionais do brincar em crianças com suspeita do Transtorno do Espectro Autista / Interactional characteristics of play in children with suspected Autistic Spectrum Disorder / Características interaccionales del juego en niños con sospecha de trastorno del espectro autista

Introdução: O Transtorno do Espectro Autista é um transtorno neurodesenvolvimental caracterizado pelas dificuldades de comunicação por deficiência da linguagem e do uso da imaginação para lidar com jogos simbólicos, dificuldade de socialização e padrão de comportamento restritivo e repetitivo. Objetivo: Descrever as características da interação em relação à brincadeira funcional e simbólica de três crianças com suspeita de TEA. Método: Fizeram parte do estudo três pacientes do sexo masculino na faixa etária entre 3 anos a 4 anos e 6 meses, provenientes de demanda espontânea de serviço fonoaudiológico de um hospital pediátrico. Os procedimentos constituíram-se de entrevista inicial com os pais/responsáveis e a análise da interação com o avaliador através da brincadeira semiestruturada proposta pelo Protocolo de Avaliação Comportamental para Crianças com Suspeita de Transtorno do Espectro Autista - Revisado (PROTEA-R). Resultados: As 2 crianças com risco de TEA apresentaram prejuízo do uso da linguagem para comunicação e falta de efetividade em atenção compartilhada, enquanto a que não apresentou risco utiliza a linguagem para se comunicar e demonstra adequada função de atenção compartilhada. Observou-se que características da brincadeira funcional e simbólica e a atenção compartilhada, se presentes, são aspectos que atenuam o risco para TEA. Além disso, a ausência de ecolalia também é uma variável que auxilia o possível diagnóstico. Conclusão: A observação da brincadeira se mostrou efetiva na avaliação das funções comunicacionais e interacionais de crianças autistas, auxiliando no direcionamento e na otimização do processo terapêutico.

Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by communication difficulties due to language deficiency and the use of imagination to deal with symbolic games, difficulty in socialization and pattern of restrictive and repetitive behavior. Objective: To describe the interaction characteristics in relation to functional and symbolic play of three children with suspected ASD. Method: Three male patients aged between 3 years and 4 years and 6 months, from spontaneous demand for a speech therapy service of a pediatric hospital, were part of the study. The procedures consisted of an initial interview with parents/guardians and the analysis of interaction with the evaluator through semi-structured play proposed by the Behavioral Assessment Protocol for Children with Suspected Autism Spectrum Disorder - Revised (PROTEA-R). Results: The 2 children at risk of ASD presented impaired use of language for communication and lack of effectiveness in shared attention, while the one who did not present risk uses language to communicate and demonstrate adequate shared attention function. It was observed that characteristics of functional and symbolic play and shared attention, if present, are aspects that attenuate the risk for ASD. In addition, the absence of ecolalia is also a variable that aids the possible diagnosis. Conclusion: The observation of play was effective in the evaluation of the communication allocated functions of autistic children, assisting in the direction and optimization of the therapeutic process.

Introducción: El Trastorno del Espectro Autista es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo caracterizado por dificultades de comunicación debido a la deficiencia del lenguaje y el uso de la imaginación para tratar los juegos simbólicos, la dificultad en la socialización y el patrón de comportamiento restrictivo y repetitivo. Objetivo: Describir las características de la interacción en relación con el juego funcional y simbólico de tres niños con sospecha de TEA. Método: Tres pacientes varones de entre 3 años y 4 años y 6 meses, por la demanda espontánea de un servicio de logoterapia de un hospital pediátrico, formaron parte del estudio. Los procedimientos consistieron en una entrevista inicial con los padres/tutores y el análisis de la interacción con el evaluador a través del juego semiestructurado propuesto por el Protocolo de Evaluación del Comportamiento para Niños con Sospecha de Trastorno del Espectro Autista - Revisado (PROTEA-R). Resultados: Los 2 niños en riesgo de TEA presentaban un uso deficiente del lenguaje para la comunicación y la falta de eficacia en la atención compartida, mientras que aquellos que no presentaban un lenguaje de uso de riesgo para comunicar y demostrar una función de atención compartida adecuada. Se observó que las características del juego funcional y simbólico y la atención compartida, si están presentes, son aspectos que atenúan el riesgo para el TEA. Además, la ausencia de ecolalia es también una variable que ayuda a un posible diagnóstico. Conclusión: La observación del juego fue eficaz en la evaluación de las funciones asignadas de comunicación de los niños autistas, ayudando en la dirección y optimización del proceso terapéutico.

Intervención lúdica para la prevención de enfermedades de transmisión sexual / Playful intervention for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases

Las estrategias preventivas para las enfermedades de transmisión sexual en poblaciones jóvenes, se han convertido en una prioridad de salud pública. Los adolescentes y adultos jóvenes, se han identificado como los que tienden a participar más frecuentemente, en actividades sexuales riesgosas; dentro este grupo de población, se encuentran en su mayoría los estudiantes universitarios, de ahí que no solo los sistemas de salud deben dar respuesta a esta situación, también las distintas organizaciones educativas. Por tanto, se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en dos universidades peruanas, con el objetivo de evaluar la percepción de la participación en un programa de intervención lúdica sobre el conocimiento y actitudes preventivas hacia las enfermedades de infección sexual. La muestra estuvo conformada por 149 participantes, de ellos 51,68% masculinos y 43,28% femeninas. Se realizó la valoración de la intervención mediante la escala de Likert y la intencionalidad conductual a través de la prueba T de comparación de medias. Los resultados mostraron, luego de la aplicación de las 16 actividades lúdicas, significacia estadística sobre mejora del conocimiento y la intencionalidad de cambios conductuales positivos en torno a la práctica de sexualidad responsable, además de la importancia de abordar la temática con información clara y precisa. Se concluye que las estrategias lúdicas son efectivas para la concientización sobre la prevención de ETS y embarazos no deseados; además se puede utilizarse para reforzar conocimientos, prácticas e inducir mejoras en las actitudes contra la estimagtización de las personas que viven con ETS(AU)

Ateneo General de la Residencia de Psicopedagogía: La escritura, tesoro de la historia / General Athenaeum of the Psychopedagogical Residence: Writing, treasure of history

Ateneo centrado en la escritura, debido a su recurrencia en la práctica psicopedagógica: construcción histórica de la escritura, escritura como sistema de representación; escritura, dibujo y juego; lengua oral y lengua escrita; y la oferta del otro y la respuesta subjetiva.

Ilusão, criatividade e paradoxo: pré-condições para a capacidade de brincar / Ilusión, creatividad y paradoja: condiciones previas para la capacidad de jugar / Illusion, creativity and paradox: preconditions for the ability to play / Illusion, créativité et paradoxe: conditions préalables à la capacité de jouer

Inscrevendo-se de maneira singular na tradição psicanalítica, Winnicott estabelece uma situação de observação padronizada de bebês em que o brincar surge como critério diagnóstico e terapêutico para o desenvolvimento infantil. Esta observação passa a operar como uma matriz do pensamento winnicottiano, a partir da qual será elaborada a teoria do desenvolvimento emocional primitivo. O presente artigo busca destacar quais seriam as precondições para o desenvolvimento da capacidade de brincar do bebê humano, identificando alguns pontos de continuidade e inflexão com relação à teorização freudo-kleiniana sobre o brincar e o desenvolvimento emocional da criança: as relações entre a critividade, ilusão e o paradoxo

Suscribiéndose de una manera única a la tradición psicoanalítica, Winnicott establece una situación de observación estandarizada de bebés en la que el juego aparece como un criterio diagnóstico y terapéutico para el desarrollo infantil. Esta observación comienza a funcionar como una matriz del pensamiento winnicotiano a partir del cual se elaborará la teoría del desarrollo emocional primitivo. El presente artículo busca resaltar cuáles son las condiciones previas para el desarrollo de la capacidad de juego del bebé humano, identificando algunos puntos de continuidad e inflexión en relación con la teorización freudo-kleiniana sobre el juego del niño y el desarrollo emocional: las relaciones entre la crítica, ilusión y la paradoja

Subscribing in a unique way to the psychoanalytic tradition, Winnicott establishes a situation of standardized observation of babies in which playing appears as a diagnostic and therapeutic criterion for child development. This observation starts to operate as a matrix of Winnicottian thought from which the theory of primitive emotional development will be elaborated. The present article seeks to highlight which are the preconditions for the development of the human baby's ability to play, identifying some points of continuity and inflection in relation to Freudo-Kleinian theorizing about the child's play and emotional development: the relationships between criticism , illusion and the paradox

S'inscrivant de façon unique à la tradition psychanalytique, Winnicott établit une situation d'observation standardisée des bébés dans laquelle le jeu apparaît comme un critère diagnostique et thérapeutique du développement de l'enfant. Cette observation commence à fonctionner comme une matrice de la pensée winnicottienne, à partir de laquelle la théorie du développement émotionnel primitif sera élaborée. Cet article cherche à mettre en évidence quelles sont les conditions préalables au développement de la capacité de jeu du bébé humain, en identifiant quelques points de continuité et d'inflexion en relation avec la théorisation freudo-kleinienne du jeu et du développement émotionnel de l'enfant: les relations entre critique, illusion et paradoxe.

Ludoterapia e alteridade: uma experiência de ludoterapia grupal à luz de Lévinas / Terapia de juego y alteridad: una experiencia de terapia de juego de grupo a la luz de Lévinas / Play therapy and otherness: a group play therapy experience in the light of Lévinas

RESUMO A ludoterapia de orientação humanista de Axline se baseia no pressuposto de que o jogo é a maneira natural da criança se expressar. Contudo, essa abordagem parece apresentar algumas lacunas éticas no que diz respeito à relação da criança com o Outro. Tais lacunas foram discutidas a partir do pensamento do filósofo Emmanuel Lévinas, que tratou da ética da alteridade radical. Neste sentido, este trabalho reflete como a ética levinasiana pode se manifestar não só na ludoterapia, mas também na prática clínica, por meio de uma pesquisa qualitativa com metodologia de estudo de caso. O grupo terapêutico aconteceu em 14 sessões de aproximadamente uma hora e era formado por três crianças de 5 a 7 anos. As sessões foram descritas de forma narrativa e a terapeuta escreveu, a partir delas, as suas Versões de Sentido. Ademais, foram realizadas anamneses, devolutivas, entrevistas com outros profissionais da saúde e visitas escolares. As sessões foram analisadas a partir da descrição e compreensão dos sentidos. Verificou-se que o processo grupal pareceu caminhar para uma maior abertura e proximidade entre os participantes do grupo e que a terapeuta precisou ir em direção à criança, isto é, demonstrar abertura à sua diferença. Concluiu-se que, ao entrar na brincadeira junto à criança, o psicoterapeuta não pôde apreender o mundo infantil, mas apenas cumprir com o seu dever ético e inferir que o encontro com as crianças em terapia significa descobrir a diferença pela via traumática. Ressaltou-se, além disso, a dificuldade em teorizar sobre a criança ou a infância, visto que ambas só têm sentido enquanto for fomentado o respeito à alteridade.

RESUMEN La Terapia de Juego humanista de Axline se basa en la suposición de que jugar es la forma natural del niño de expresarse. Sin embargo, este enfoque parece presentar lagunas éticas con respecto a la relación del niño con los demás. Estas lagunas se discutieron a partir de los pensamientos de Emmanuel Lévinas, un filósofo que escribió sobre la ética de la alteridad radical. En este sentido, se discutió cómo la ética de Lévinas puede verse en la terapia de juegos, incluida la práctica clínica. La investigación fue cualitativa con una metodología de estudio de caso. El grupo se realizó en 14 reuniones terapéuticas de una hora de duración y estuvo formado por tres niños de 5 a 7 años. Las reuniones se describieron en forma narrativa y la terapeuta escribió, a partir de ellas, sus Versiones de Significado. Además, se realizó anamnesis, devolutivos, entrevistas con otros profesionales de la salud y visitas escolares. Las sesiones se analizaron a partir de la descripción y comprensión de los sentidos. Fue posible verificar que el proceso del grupo se dirigió hacia una mayor apertura y proximidad entre los participantes del grupo, y que la terapeuta tuvo que dirigirse hacia los niños,es decir, demostrar apertura a su diferencia. Se concluyó que, al entrar en el juego con el niño, el psicoterapeuta no puede apoderarse del mundo de los niños, sino cumplir el deber ético; y reunirse con los niños en terapia era encontrar la diferencia a través de una forma traumática. Además, se destacó la dificultad para teorizar sobre el niño o la infancia, ya que ambos solo tienen sentido si se fomenta el respeto por la alteridad.

ABSTRACT Axline's humanistic-oriented Play Therapy assumes that play is a child's natural way of expressing herself. However, this approach seems to present some ethical gaps when thought concerning the relationship with others. Such gaps were discussed based on Emmanuel Lévinas' thoughts, a philosopher who wrote about radical otherness ethics. In this sense, it was necessary to reflect on how Levinasian ethics can be manifested in Play Therapy, including clinical practice. The research was qualitative, with a case study methodology. The therapeutic group took place in 14 sessions and consisted of three children, aged 5 to 7, with a one-hour meeting. The sessions were described narratively, and the Sense's Version of the therapist was written. Anamnesis, feedback, interviews with other health professionals and school visits were also conducted. The sessions were analyzed based on the description and understanding of meanings. It was found that the group process seemed to move towards greater openness and proximity among the participants and that the therapist needed to move towards the children, opening up to their differences. It was concluded that, when entering the play with the child, the psychotherapist cannot apprehend the child's world but only fulfill her ethical duty and meeting herself with the children in therapy was facing the difference through a traumatic via. It is noteworthy that it is difficult to theorize about childhood, and the theory will only make sense while promoting respect to otherness.

Visita à criança hospitalizada em terapia intensiva: vivências de irmãos reveladas por meio do brinquedo terapêutico dramático / Visita al niño hospitalizado en terapia intensiva: vivencias de hermanos revelado por el juego terapéutico dramático / Visiting a hospitalized child in intensive care: experiences of siblings revealed through the dramatic therapeutic play

Resumo Objetivo: compreender, por meio do brinquedo terapêutico dramático, o significado, para o irmão, de visitar a criança hospitalizada em terapia intensiva. Método: pesquisa qualitativa, modalidade fenomenológica, que utilizou o brinquedo terapêutico dramático para acessar às experiências dos irmãos. Foi realizada em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica do interior do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Participaram das sessões de brinquedo terapêutico 11 irmãos menores de 10 anos, as quais foram analisadas à luz da Teoria do Amadurecimento. Resultados: os irmãos, tendo um lugar para brincar, dramatizaram situações, anteriormente, vividas, de seu cotidiano e da visita à criança hospitalizada. Ao viver, criativamente, revelaram que brincar é fazer a integração das experiências do "eu", favorecendo o continuar a ser diante da situação vivida. Conclusões e implicações para a prática: o Brinquedo Terapêutico Dramático compreendido à luz de um referencial teórico possibilitou que o irmão significasse a visita como uma experiência de integração do "eu", revelando emoções, desejos e preferências do cotidiano. Nesse sentido, o cuidado ao irmão da criança hospitalizada define-se pela oferta do brincar livre, para que ele demonstre o sentimento de continuar a ser em suas interações com o mundo, no qual o contexto hospitalar tornou parte da realidade.

Resumen Objeto: Comprender por medio del juego terapéutico dramático el significado, para el hermano, de la visita al niño hospitalizado en Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica. Método: Investigación cualitativa, modalidad fenomenológica, que utilizó el juego terapéutico dramático para comprender la experiencia del hermano. Se realizó en Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica del interior del Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Participaron de las sesiones de juego terapéutico 11 hermanos con menos de 10 años, quienes fueron analizados a la luz de la Teoría de la Maduración. Resultados: Los hermanos, al tener un lugar para jugar, dramatizaron situaciones anteriormente vividas, de su cotidiano y de la visita al niño hospitalizado. Al vivir de forma creativa, revelaron que jugar es permitir la integración de las experiencias del "yo", lo que favorece el concepto de seguir siendo, ante la situación vivida. Conclusiones e implicaciones para la práctica: El Juego Terapéutico Dramático comprendido a la luz de un referencial teórico hizo posible que el hermano entendiera la visita como una experiencia de integración del "yo", revelando emociones, deseos y preferencias cotidianas. En este sentido, el cuidado del hermano del niño hospitalizado se define por la oferta de juego libre, para que pueda demostrar su sentimiento de seguir siendo en sus interacciones con el mundo, en el que el contexto hospitalario se ha convertido en parte de la realidad.

Abstract Objective: to understand, by means of dramatic therapeutic play, the meaning, for the sibling, of visiting the child hospitalized in intensive care. Method: a qualitative research, phenomenological modality, which used the dramatic therapeutic play to access the siblings' experiences. It was carried out in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in the countryside of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Eleven siblings under ten years of age participated in the therapeutic play sessions, which were analyzed in the light of the Theory of Maturation. Results: the siblings, having a place to play, dramatized previously lived situations, from their daily life and from the visit to the hospitalized child. By living creatively, they revealed that playing is to integrate the experiences of the "I", favoring the continuity of being in the face of the situation lived. Conclusions and implications for practice: the Dramatic Therapeutic Play understood in the light of a theoretical framework allowed the sibling to mean the visit as an experience of integration of the "I", revealing emotions, desires and preferences of daily life. In this sense, the care for the brother of the hospitalized child is defined by the offer of free play, so that he demonstrates the feeling of continuing to be in his interactions with the world, in which the hospital context has become part of reality.

Discursos de professores de judô do Espírito Santo sobre as práticas pedagógicas para as crianças / Discourses from judo teachers of the Espírito Santo state on pedagogical practices for children

RESUMO O artigo tem como objetivo analisar, por meio dos discursos de professores de judô que trabalham com crianças, como eles conduzem as suas práticas de ensino com o público infantil. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo-interpretativo realizado com 33 professores do estado do Espírito Santo. Os dados foram produzidos por meio de questionário enviado pelo Google Forms. Os resultados indicam que os professores enfatizam os aspectos axiológicos, técnicos e o desenvolvimento motor em seus processos de ensino, que apontam para uma concepção universal de infância. Embora utilizem os jogos e as brincadeiras em suas aulas, os discursos sugerem uma apropriação instrumental dessas manifestações lúdicas, com pouco espaço para que as crianças tenham as suas subjetividades, agências e práticas autorais reconhecidas e valorizadas.

ABSTRACT The article aims to analyze, through the speeches of judo teachers who work with children, how they conduct their teaching practices with children. This is a descriptive-interpretative study carried out with 33 teachers from the state of Espírito Santo. Data were produced through a questionnaire sent by Google Forms. The results indicate that teachers emphasize axiological, technical, and motor development aspects in their teaching processes, which point to a universal conception of childhood. Although they use games and play in their classes, the discourses suggest an instrumental appropriation of these playful manifestations, with little space for children to have their subjectivities, agencies, and authorial practices recognized and valued.

Empirical evidence for robust personality-gaming disorder associations from a large-scale international investigation applying the APA and WHO frameworks.

Disordered gaming has gained increased medical attention and was recently included in the eleventh International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) by the World Health Organization (WHO) after its earlier inclusion in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth revision) (DSM-5) as an emerging disorder by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). Although many studies have investigated associations between personality and disordered gaming, no previous research compared the differential associations between personality and disordered gaming with time spent gaming. Due to the novelty of the WHO diagnostic framework for disordered gaming, previous research focused mainly on the associations between personality and disordered gaming in relation to the APA framework. Beyond that, these studies are generally limited by small sample sizes and/or the lack of cross-cultural emphasis due to single-country sampling. To address these limitations, the present study aimed to investigate the associations between personality and gaming behavior in a large and culturally heterogeneous sample (N = 50,925) of individuals from 150 countries. The results obtained suggested that low conscientiousness and high neuroticism were robustly associated with disordered gaming across both the APA and WHO frameworks. Interestingly, personality associations with weekly time spent gaming were smaller. The findings of the present study suggest that personality is of higher importance to predict disordered gaming compared to weekly time spent gaming.

Nature and Children's Health: A Systematic Review.

CONTEXT: Daily outdoor play is encouraged by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Existing evidence is unclear on the independent effect of nature exposures on child health. OBJECTIVE: We systematically evaluated evidence regarding the relationship between nature contact and children's health. DATA SOURCES: The database search was conducted by using PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsychInfo, ERIC, Scopus, and Web of Science in February 2021. STUDY SELECTION: We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. In all searches, the first element included nature terms; the second included child health outcome terms. DATA EXTRACTION: Of the 10 940 studies identified, 296 were included. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed. RESULTS: The strongest evidence for type of nature exposure was residential green space studies (n = 147, 50%). The strongest evidence for the beneficial health effects of nature was for physical activity (n = 108, 32%) and cognitive, behavioral, or mental health (n = 85, 25%). Physical activity was objectively measured in 55% of studies, and 41% of the cognitive, behavioral, or mental health studies were experimental in design. LIMITATIONS: Types of nature exposures and health outcomes and behaviors were heterogenous. Risk of selection bias was moderate to high for all studies. Most studies were cross-sectional (n = 204, 69%), limiting our ability to assess causality. CONCLUSIONS: Current literature supports a positive relationship between nature contact and children's health, especially for physical activity and mental health, both public health priorities. The evidence supports pediatricians in advocating for equitable nature contact for children in places where they live, play, and learn.

Risky Business: The Function of Play in a Venomous Mammal-The Javan Slow Loris (Nycticebus javanicus).

Immature mammals require opportunities to develop skills that will affect their competitive abilities and reproductive success as adults. One way these benefits may be achieved is through play behavior. While skills in developing use of tusks, antlers, and other weapons mammals have been linked to play, play in venomous animals has rarely been studied. Javan slow lorises (Nycticebus javanicus) use venom to aid in intraspecific competition, yet whether individuals use any behavioral mechanisms to develop the ability to use venom remains unclear. From April 2012 to December 2020, we recorded 663 play events and studied the factors influencing the frequency of play and the postures used during play in wild Javan slow lorises. Regardless of the presence of siblings, two thirds of play partners of young slow lorises were older and more experienced adults. Young lorises engaged in riskier behaviors during play, including using more strenuous postures and playing more in riskier conditions with increased rain and moonlight. We found that play patterns in immature lorises bear resemblance to venom postures used by adults. We suggest that play functions to train immature lorises to deal with future unexpected events, such as random attacks, as seen in other mammalian taxa with weapons. Given the importance of venom use for highly territorial slow lorises throughout their adult lives and the similarities between venom and play postures, we cannot rule out the possibility that play also prepares animals for future venomous fights. We provide here a baseline for the further exploration of the development of this unique behavior in one of the few venomous mammals.

Using playful work design to deal with hindrance job demands: A quantitative diary study.

All job demands are exhausting, but hindrance job demands are particularly stressful since they also impede personal growth and goal attainment. In the present study, we use the dual perspective model to distinguish between agency hindrance job demands (i.e., task-related stressors that cost energy and offer few opportunities for mastery and competence) and communion hindrance job demands (i.e., social stressors that cost energy and limit the probability of experiencing close relationships). We hypothesize that daily agency hindrance job demands and daily communion hindrance job demands have unique indirect and negative associations with daily job performance (i.e., in-role and extra-role performance behaviors) through daily work engagement. In addition, we used theories about proactivity and play to hypothesize that the association of both types of hindrance job demands with work engagement will be moderated by playful work design-the process of proactively creating conditions during work activities that foster competition or fun. Employees from various occupational backgrounds filled out an online questionnaire at the end of each workday (N = 202 × 5.61 days = 1,133 observations). The results of structural equation modeling analyses supported our mediation hypotheses. In addition, as predicted, the negative association between agency hindrance job demands and work engagement was buffered on days when employees designed competition, whereas the negative relation between communion hindrance job demands and work engagement was buffered on days when employees designed fun. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Does peer group membership relate to sociodramatic play engagement? A social ethological approach.

Engagement in sociodramatic play has been shown to positively impact young children's learning and development. By definition, this type of social play occurs in groups; however, research to date has primarily sought to understand sociodramatic play engagement by focusing on individual factors. Little work has considered the role of the peer group in sociodramatic play engagement. This concurrent correlational study investigated relations between types of peer group membership and the amount of children's sociodramatic play engagement, using hierarchical cluster analyses, chi-square tests and multiple regression to analyse naturalistic data of preschoolers' free play. Findings suggest that membership in a highly cohesive peer subgroup may be important for sociodramatic play engagement. This study illustrates how social ethological perspectives can be useful for understanding social play in early childhood.

Systematic review of the correlates of outdoor play and time among children aged 3-12 years.

BACKGROUND: Due to the myriad of benefits of children's outdoor play and time, there is increasing concern over its decline. This systematic review synthesized evidence on the correlates of outdoor play and outdoor time among children aged 3-12 years. METHODS: A total of 12 electronic databases in five different languages (Chinese, English, Korean, Spanish, Portuguese) were searched between October 28, 2019 and July 27, 2020. Covidence software was used for screening and Microsoft Excel with a predesigned coding form was used for data extraction. Evidence was synthesized and correlates were categorized using the socioecological model framework. RESULTS: Based on 107 studies representing 188,498 participants and 422 childcare centers from 29 countries, 85 studies examined potential correlates of outdoor play while 23 studies examined that of outdoor time (one examined both). The duration of outdoor play and outdoor time ranged between 60 and 165 min/d and 42-240 min/d, respectively. Out of 287 (outdoor play) and 61 (outdoor time) potential correlates examined, 111 correlates for outdoor play and 33 correlates for outdoor time were identified as significant correlates. Thirty-three variables were identified as key/common correlates of outdoor play/time, including eight correlates at the individual level (e.g., sex/gender, race/ethnicity, physical activity), 10 correlates at the parental level (e.g., parental attitude/support/behavior, parenting practice), nine at the microsystem level (e.g., proximal home/social environment such as residence type, peer influence), three at the macrosystem/community level (e.g., availability of space children can play), and three at the physical ecology/pressure for macrosystem change level (e.g., seasonality, rurality). No key correlates were found at the institutional level. CONCLUSIONS: Individual, parental, and proximal physical (home) and social environments appear to play a role in children's outdoor play and time. Ecological factors (i.e., seasonality, rurality) also appear to be related to outdoor play/time. Evidence was either inconsistent or lacking at institutional and macrosystem/community levels. Standardizing terminology and measures of outdoor play/time is warranted. Future work should investigate the interactions and processes of multiple variables across different levels of socioecological modelling to better understand the mechanisms through which outdoor play/time opportunities can be optimized for children while paying special attention to varying conditions in which children are born, live, and play.